Biology Department

The major in biology leads to a Bachelor of Science (BS) Degree. The biology major is sufficiently flexible for students to prepare for a wide variety of professional careers. Carefully supervised active learning in the form of research is a fundamental strength of the program.

The student majoring in biology may plan to enter the workplace upon graduation or continue study in graduate or professional school.

Biomedical Sciences concentration encompasses prep for pre-professional programs including: pre-chiropractic, pre-optometry, pre-physical therapy, pre-occupational therapy, pre-pharmacy, pre-physician assistant, pre-podiatric medicine, pre-veterinary medicine, pre-dentistry, pre-medicine or pre-osteopathic medicine. Frequently, pre-professional study involves a combination of majors or a major and minor. For example, many pre-medical students choose a double major in biology and chemistry.

Each of the pre-professional programs has an advisor who can provide detailed and current information about the undergraduate work which the student should pursue to provide the foundation necessary for later entry into a professional school. The student should contact the specialized advisor as early as possible. A list of advisors is available in the departmental office (LS 210).

Biology majors also may seek teacher certification at the secondary level. Interested students may obtain a written description of specific degree requirements from the appropriate education and biology advisors.

Biology students who are considering attending graduate school should take one year of a world language and should plan to take the Graduate Record Examination during the senior year.

The biology department offers several concentration areas:

Basic Biology
Biomedical Science
- Pre-Chiropractic
- Pre-Dental
- Pre-Medical (including Osteopathic, Podiatric and Optometric)
- Pre-Occupational Therapy
- Pre-Pharmacy
- Pre-Physical Therapy
- Pre-Physician Assistant
- Pre-Veterinary Medicine
Environmental Biosciences
Cellular and Molecular Biosciences (Including Forensics & Bioinformatics)
- Pre-Medical Laboratory Science
Biology/Chemistry Double Major
Biology Secondary Certification

Department Goals

To prepare students to become productive, accountable and responsible employees upon entering the work force;
To prepare students to enter and succeed in graduate or professional schools;
To develop in students a broad-based theoretical foundation supplemented by laboratory and field experience that allow individual observations, interpretations and applications; and
To allow those students seeking a minor in biology to supplement and strengthen the major field of study.

Elementary Teaching

See Liberal Studies with Science concentration

Institutional & General Education

Please refer to the General Education Requirements in the Academic Policies section of this catalog or refer to your individual department’s curriculum sheet.

Experiential Opportunities

There are many opportunities to participate in experiences that will complement and reinforce a student’s academic experience. The activities may be either on- or off-campus and may be used to develop leadership and interpersonal skills. The faculty of the biology department actively encourages student participation in such activities.

Wildlife & Natural Resources Program

Majoring in The Wildlife and Natural Resources Program leads to a Bachelor of Science (BS) Degree. In addition, supporting courses and general education courses in biology are available to meet a wide range of interests, backgrounds and needs. The Wildlife and Natural Resources Program emphasizes an understanding of fish and wildlife ecology and management with practical skills obtained during laboratory and field exercises. Graduates are prepared for positions with state and federal agencies, tribal departments, conservation organizations, and higher academic degrees. Carefully supervised career planning is provided to all students.

The Wildlife and Natural Resources Program offers Aquatic and Terrestrial concentration areas, with curriculum for each meeting the certification requirements of the American Fisheries Society (AFS) or The Wildlife Society (TWS), respectively.

Graduate Programs in Natural Sciences

The College of Science and Mathematics offers Master of Science degrees in three disciplines within the Natural Sciences:

Biology MS,
Chemistry MS, and
Biochemistry MS

Students completing any of these degrees will develop advanced skills in the general discipline of choice and will apply these skills in the completion of a thesis research project or internship. GRE scores of at least 300 (verbal and quantitative) based on the current GRE exam are required for regular admission to GPNS programs.

Academic Programs

Biology

Undergraduate Programs

Wildlife & Natural Resources

Undergraduate Programs

On This Page

Biology (BIOL)
Geology (GEOL)
Wildlife & Natural Resources (WANR)

Biology (BIOL)

BIOL 100 Principles of Biology (GT-SC2) 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Introduction to basic principles common to all facets of biology. Topics include a brief history of biology, the scientific method, the diversity of life, cell structure and reproduction, and metabolism.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 100L.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC2)

BIOL 100L Principles of Biology Lab (GT-SC1) 1(0-2)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
To expose the student to problem-solving skills emphasizing the importance of observation and data accumulation.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 100.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC1)

BIOL 112 Nutrition 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Analysis of personal dietary habits and behavior in relation to basic human nutritional needs and food composition.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 121 Environmental Conservation (GT-SC2) 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Historical review of humankind's interrelationship with and impact on the natural environment. Basic principles of ecology and current issues relating to the use of natural resources and environmental problems.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 121L.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC2)

BIOL 121L Environmental Conservation Lab (GT-SC1) 1(0-2)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Field studies to accompany BIOL 121.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 121.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC1)

BIOL 171 First Year Seminar 1(1-0)

Fall, Spring.
Biology majors entering the program are provided guidance on studying and skills specific to science. Biological career diversity and planning for degree completion are discussed.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 181 College Biology I/Organismal Bio (GT-SC2) 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring.
Biological diversity and structure-function relationships, evolution and ecology.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 181L.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC2)

BIOL 181L College Biology I/Organismal Bio Lab (GT-SC1) 1(0-2)

Fall, Spring.
College Biology I/Organismal Bio Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 181.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC1)

BIOL 182 College Biology II/Cellular Biology (GT-SC2) 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring.
Continuation of BIOL 181. Basic cell structure and function, reproduction and heredity.
Prerequisite: BIOL 181 and CHEM 111 or CHEM 121.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Co-enrollment in BIOL 182L or BIOL 184L recommended.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC2)

BIOL 182L College Biology II/Cellular Bio Lab (GT-SC1) 1(0-2)

Fall, Spring.
College Biology II/Cellular Bio Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 182.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC1)

BIOL 183 College Biology I Recitation 1(1-0)

As Needed.
Critical thinking for College Biology I topics.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 181.

BIOL 184 College Biology II Recitation 1(1-0)

As Needed.
Critical thinking for College Biology II topics.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 182.

BIOL 184L Phage Discovery 2(0-4)

Fall.
Research based introductory course where students find and identify new bacteriophage.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 182.

BIOL 201 Botany (GT-SC2) 2(2-0)

Spring.
Forms, basic structures, relationships, life histories and evolutionary trends of representatives of the major autotrophic plant groups.
Prerequisite: BIOL 181 and BIOL 181L.
Corequisite: BIOL 201L.
Registration Information: None.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC2)

BIOL 201L Botany Laboratory (GT-SC1) 2(0-4)

Spring.
Botany Laboratory.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend prerequisites BIOL 181 and BIOL 181L and BIOL 182 and BIOL 182L. Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 201.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC1)

BIOL 202 Zoology 2(2-0)

Fall, Spring.
Study of anatomy, physiology, evolution, ecology, and biodiversity of invertebrates and vertebrates.
Prerequisite: BIOL 181 and BIOL 181L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend c-enrollment in BIOL 202L. Permission of instructor.
(Gen Ed: ST)

BIOL 202L Zoology Laboratory 2(0-4)

Fall, Spring.
Zoology Laboratory.
Prerequisite: BIOL 181 and BIOL 181L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 202. Permission of instructor.
(Gen Ed: ST)

BIOL 203 Zoology Recitation 1(1-0)

As Needed.
Recitation to accompany BIOL 202.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 202.
Registration Information: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 206 Introduction to Microbiology 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
For students of nursing and allied health. Applied aspects of medical microbiology.
Prerequisite: BIOL 100 and BIOL 100L or BIOL 223 and BIOL 223L; CHEM 111 and CHEM 111L.
Corequisite: BIOL 206L.
Registration Information: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 206L Introduction to Microbiology Lab 1(0-3)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Introduction to Microbiology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 100 and BIOL 100L or BIOL 223 and BIOL 223L; CHEM 111 and CHEM 111L.
Corequisite: BIOL 206.
Registration Information: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 220 Medical Terminology 2(2-0)

Spring.
Basic prefixes, word roots, combining forms and suffixes of medical terminology and human anatomy are covered, including pronunciation and patient charting.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 223 Human Physiology and Anatomy I (GT-SC2) 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Thorough understanding of the functional/structural aspects of the human body. Topics include body orientation, physiologically important molecules, cell, tissues, integument, skeleton, muscle, nervous system, and senses.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 223L.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC2)

BIOL 223L Human Physiology and Anatomy I Lab (GT-SC1) 1(0-2)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Human Physiology and Anatomy I Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 223.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC1)

BIOL 224 Human Physiology and Anatomy II (GT-SC2) 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Structure and function of the human body. Topics include endocrine systems, respiration, digestion, metabolism, excretion, fluid-electrolyte balance, cardiovascular and reproductive functions and special senses.
Prerequisite: BIOL 223.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 224L.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC2)

BIOL 224L Human Physiology and Anatomy II Lab (GT-SC1) 1(0-2)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Human Physiology and Anatomy II Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 224.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC1)

BIOL 291 Special Topics (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Special Topics.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (99).

BIOL 292 Research (1-3 V)

As Needed.
Faculty directed research project for undergraduate student.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Approval of department chair. Repeatable (3).

BIOL 294 Field Experience (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Volunteer work experience under program director, department coordinator and faculty supervisor.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (99).

BIOL 301 General Microbiology 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring.
Introduction to the bacteria and viruses, including microbial genetics and physiology.
Prerequisite: BIOL 182 and BIOL 182L and CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L.
Corequisite: BIOL 301L.
Registration Information: Permission of the instructor.

BIOL 301L General Microbiology Lab 1(0-3)

Fall, Spring.
General Microbiology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 182 and BIOL 182L and CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L.
Corequisite: BIOL 301.
Registration Information: Permission of the instructor.

BIOL 302 Medical Microbiology 2(2-0)

Spring, Odd.
Survey of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi.
Prerequisite: BIOL 206 or BIOL 301.
Corequisite: BIOL 302L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 302L Medical Microbiology Lab 2(0-4)

Spring, Odd.
Medical Microbiology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 206L or BIOL 301L.
Corequisite: BIOL 302.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 312 Cell Biology 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring.
Structure and function of the cell, life cycle of the cell, protein synthesis and trafficking, cell signaling and specialization.
Prerequisites: BIOL 182 and CHEM 122.
Corequisites: BIOL 312L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 312L Cell Biology Laboratory 1(0-3)

Fall, Spring.
Cell Biology Laboratory.
Prerequisites: BIOL 182L and CHEM 122L.
Corequisites: BIOL 312.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 321 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy 3(3-0)

Spring.
Comparative study of developmental and functional anatomy of vertebrate animals.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 321L.

BIOL 321L Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Lab 2(0-4)

Spring.
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 321.

BIOL 350 Mendelian and Population Genetics 2(2-0)

Fall, Spring.
Survey of basic Mendelian genetics, genetic mapping and population genetics.
Prerequisite: BIOL 182 and MATH 120.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 351 Molecular Biology & Genetics 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring.
Study of the molecular flow of genetic information, gene regulation and cancer genetics.
Prerequisite: BIOL 350 and CHEM 122 and CHEM122L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 351L Molecular Biology & Genetics Laboratory 2(0-4)

Spring.
Molecular biology and bioinformatic investigations of gene function and expression.
Prerequisite: BIOL 182 and BIOL 182L.
Corequisite: BIOL 351.
Registration Information: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 352 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring.
Historical view of the theory of evolution with emphasis on the relationship between organisms and the environment, and the mechanisms and forces that produce evolutionary change.
Prerequisite: BIOL 181 and BIOL 181L and BIOL 182 and BIOL182L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: BIOL 350 recommended as prerequisite.

BIOL 378 Laboratory in Teaching Biology 1(0-2)

As Needed.
Laboratory preparation, safety, instruction and methods under the guidance and supervision on an instructor.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Secondary teaching concentration. Approval of department chair. Repeatable (99).

BIOL 392 Research 1(0-4-6)

Fall, Spring, Summer.
Faculty directed research project for undergraduate student.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Students must have either taken 1 credit of BIOL 292, equivalent research experience (e.g. CBASE/Discovery Scholars, research at a different school, REUs, etc.), or have junior/senior standing. Approval of research faculty required. Repeatable (3).

BIOL 394 Field Experience (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Volunteer work experience under program director, program coordinator, and faculty supervisor.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (99).

BIOL 402 Immunology 3(3-0)

Spring.
Cellular and molecular interactions and principles of innate and adaptive immunity including immune disorders, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, infections, and cancer.
Prerequisite: BIOL 206 or BIOL 301 or BIOL 302.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend BIOL 351 as prerequisite.

BIOL 403 Virology 3(3-0)

Fall, Even.
Molecular aspects of viral infection of bacteria, plants, and animals including viral replication, host range, host defenses, antiviral drugs, and viral ecology.
Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and BIOL 351.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 403L Virology Lab 1(0-2)

Fall.
Virology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and BIOL 301L and BIOL 351.
Corequisite: BIOL 403.
Registration Information: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 412 Advanced Cellular Biology 3(3-0)

Spring.
Advanced investigations of the structural and functional organization of the cell, life cycles of cells, intracellular digestion, protein synthesis and cell death.
Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and BIOL 301L and BIOL 351 and CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L.
Corequisite: BIOL 412L.
Registration Information: CHEM 302 and 302L strongly recommended as pre or corequisite.

BIOL 412L Advanced Cellular Biology Lab 1(0-3)

Spring.
Advanced Cellular Biology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and 301L and BIOL 351 and CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L.
Corequisite: BIOL 412.
Registration Information: CHEM 302 and 302L are strongly recommended pre or corequisites.

BIOL 413 Plant Physiology 2(2-0)

Spring, Odd.
Thorough examination of general physiology and function of plant body systems.
Prerequisite: BIOL 201 and BIOL 201L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend prerequisites of BIOL 201 and BIOL 201L and CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L. Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 413L.

BIOL 413L Plant Physiology Lab 2(0-4)

Spring, Odd.
Plant Physiology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 201 and BIOL 201L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend prerequisites of BIOL 201 and BIOL 201L and CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L. Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 413.

BIOL 414 Vertebrate Physiology 3(3-0)

Fall.
General physiology and the functions of animal and human body systems.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L and MATH 156 strongly recommended as prerequisite. Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 414L.

BIOL 414L Vertebrate Physiology Lab 1(0-2)

Fall.
Vertebrate Physiology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommended co-enrollment in BIOL 414.

BIOL 415 Medical Physiology 3(3-0)

Fall.
Medical physiology focusing on human body systems and their regulation, disorders, diagnosis, and treatments. Includes circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, nervous, muscular, digestive, reproductive, and urinary.
Prerequisites: BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L and CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L.
Corequisites: None.
Registration Information: Must be Junior or Senior level.

BIOL 421 Histology 2(2-0)

Spring, Odd.
A microscopic study of vertebrate tissues and organs.
Prerequisite: BIOL 182 and BIOL 182L and CHEM 122 and CHEM 122L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 421L.

BIOL 421L Histology Lab 2(0-4)

Spring, Odd.
Histology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 182 and 182L and CHEM 122 and CHEM 122L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 421.

BIOL 422 Neurobiology 3(3-0)

Spring, Even.
Fundamentals of neuroscience, cellular and molecular signaling in the nervous system, electrophysiological properties of neurons, sensory and motor systems, and cellular mechanisms of cognition.
Prerequisite: BIOL 312.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 432 Developmental Biology 2(2-0)

As Needed.
Theory and principles of the development of representative vertebrate and invertebrate animals, with particular emphasis on the frog, chick, and Drosophila.
Prerequisite: BIOL 351.
Corequisite: BIOL 432L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 432L Developmental Biology Lab 2(0-4)

As Needed.
Developmental Biology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 432.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 440 Advanced Biotechniques 2(2-0)

Fall, Odd.
Advanced lab covering cellular/molecular techniques and instrumentation. May include Flow cytometry, advanced microscopy, molecular cloning, CRISPR, Western blots, quantitative PCR, and next generation sequencing.
Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and BIOL 301L and BIOL 351.
Corequisite: BIOL 440L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 440L Advanced Biotechniques Lab 2(0-2)

Fall, Odd.
Advanced laboratory-based class covering important cellular/molecular techniques and instruments. Topics include Flow cytometry, Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cloning, CRISPR, Western Blots, and Quantitative PCR.
Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and BIOL 301L and BIOL 351.
Corequisite: BIOL 440.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 441 Freshwater Invertebrate Zoology 2(2-0)

Spring, Odd.
Classification, phylogeny, systematics, morphology, physiology, and natural history of freshwater invertebrates inclusive of insects.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 441L.
Registration Information: BIOL 202 and 202L recommended as prerequisites.

BIOL 441L Freshwater Invertebrate Zoology Lab 2(0-4)

Spring, Odd.
Freshwater Invertebrate Zoology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 441.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 443 Limnology 2(2-0)

Spring, Even.
Biology, chemistry and physics of lakes and rivers.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Co-enrollment in BIOL 443L strongly recommended.

BIOL 443L Limnology Lab 2(0-4)

Spring, Even.
Limnology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 443.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 448 Biological Statistics 3(3-0)

As Needed.
This course is an undergraduate class stacked from an already approved graduate course, BIOL 548.
Prerequisite: MATH 156.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 452 Advanced Microscopy 2(2-0)

As Needed.
Theory and application of microscopy to the biological sciences. Includes preparation of cells and tissues for examination, scope, operation, and image analysis.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 452L.
Registration Information: Strongly recommend BIOL 301 and 301L as prerequisites.

BIOL 452L Advanced Microscopy Lab 2(0-4)

As Needed.
Advanced Microscopy Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 452.
Registration Information: Strongly recommend BIOL 301 and 301L as prerequisites.

BIOL 453 Ecology 2(2-0)

Fall, Even.
Interrelationships among organisms and their environment, employing quantitative methods and conceptual models.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 453L.
Registration Information: Strongly recommended BIOL 352, and MATH 126 and MATH 221 as prerequisites.

BIOL 453L Ecology Field Studies 2(0-4)

Fall, Even.
Ecology Field Studies.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 453.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 454 Behavioral Ecology 3(3-0)

Fall, Odd.
Evolution and adaptive significance of animal behaviors with a focus on current research.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 460 Survey of Genomics & Bioinformatics 3(3-0)

As Needed.
Theory and practice of genome analysis including use of statistics, databases and biomolecular sequence analysis software.
Prerequisite: BIOL 351.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 461 Applied Geospatial Technology (GIS/GPS) 3(2-2)

Fall, Odd.
Theory and practice of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for geographic data analysis, and to georeference data.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Junior or senior standing.

BIOL 462 Environmental Policy & Management 3(3-0)

Spring, Odd.
Scientific basis of environmental regulations applied to air/water quality, solid waste, and hazardous waste; technologies and procedures used by generators to achieve compliance.
Prerequisite: BIOL 352.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 465 Environmental Toxicology 3(3-0)

Fall, Even.
Basic principles of toxicology, interaction of xenobiotics with living organisms and the environment, and the impact of pollutants on the ecosystem.
Prerequisite: BIOL 181 and BIOL 181L and BIOL 182 and BIOL 182L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: CHEM 302 and CHEM 302L strongly recommended as prerequisite.

BIOL 473 Med. Tech. Clinical Rotation I 12(5-14)

As Needed.
Coursework and clinical training in an affiliated medical laboratory sciences facility. Specific course of study determined by facility.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 474 Med. Tech. Clinical Rotation II 12(5-14)

BIOL 475 Med. Tech. Clinical Rotation III 6(3-6)

BIOL 479 Ichthyology 2(2-0)

Fall, Odd.
The morphology, taxonomy and ecology of fishes; an introduction to fishery biology and aquaculture.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 479L.

BIOL 479L Ichthyology Laboratory 1(0-2)

Fall, Odd.
Ichthyology Laboratory.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 479.

BIOL 481 Entomology 2(2-0)

Fall, Odd.
Evolutionary biology and management of insects. Impact of arthropods on the balance of nature. Medical and veterinary entomology. Arthropods as vectors of human and animal diseases.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L.
Corequisite: BIOL 481L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 481L Entomology Lab 1(0-2)

Fall, Odd.
Entomology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 481.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 482 Herpetology 2(2-0)

Fall, Even.
Diversity, anatomy, physiology, evolution, and ecology of reptiles of amphibians. Emphasis will be placed on novel evolutionary adaptations within the major taxa.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L.
Corequisite: BIOL 482L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 482L Herpetology Lab 1(0-2)

Fall, Even.
Herpetology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L.
Corequisite: BIOL 482.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 483 Mammalogy 2(2-0)

Spring, Even.
Evolution, classification and biology of mammals; practice in identifying and preparing specimens.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202.
Corequisite: BIOL 483L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 483L Mammalogy Lab 1(0-2)

Spring, Even.
Mammalogy Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202.
Corequisite: BIOL 483.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 484 Ornithology 2(2-0)

Spring, Odd.
Classification, life history, laboratory and field identification of birds.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202.
Corequisite: BIOL 484L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 484L Ornithology Lab 1(0-2)

Spring, Odd.
Ornithology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202.
Corequisite: BIOL 484.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 485 Plant Taxonomy 2(2-0)

As Needed.
Identification of the common vascular plant families of Colorado with an emphasis on the flowering plants; study of their systematic relationships.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommended BIOL 201 and 201L as prerequisite. Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 485L.

BIOL 485L Plant Taxonomy Lab 2(0-4)

As Needed.
Plant Taxonomy Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend BIOL 201 and 201L as prerequisite. Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 485.

BIOL 486 Field Botany 3(3-0)

As Needed.
Principles and applications of field techniques used in vegetation assessment, surveys, and vegetation monitoring.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommended BIOL 201 and BIOL 201L.

BIOL 491 Special Topics (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Special Topics.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (99).

BIOL 492 Research 1(0-4-6)

BIOL 493 Seminar 1(1-0)

As Needed.
Seminar for majors and minors concerning unique, current, or unusual topics in biology. Speakers may include guests, faculty, or students.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Senior standing. Completion of Biology core.

BIOL 494 Field Experience (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Volunteer work experience under program director, program coordinator and faculty supervisor.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (99).

BIOL 495 Independent Study (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Independent Study.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Junior standing. Permission of instructor. Repeatable (99).

BIOL 498 Internship (5-15 V)

As Needed.
Work experience in the Biology discipline under the combined supervision of the selected organization and a faculty member.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (99).

BIOL 502 Immunology 3(3-0)

Spring.
Cellular and molecular interactions and principles of innate and adaptive immunity including immune disorders, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, infections, and cancer.
Prerequisite: BIOL 206 or BIOL 301 or BIOL 302 or BIOL 501.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend BIOL 351 as prerequisite.

BIOL 503 Virology 3(3-0)

BIOL 503L Virology Lab 1(0-2)

Fall.
Virology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and BIOL 301L and BIOL 351 and BIOL 503.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 505 Foundations in Graduate Studies 3(3-0)

As Needed.
Effective sourcing, use, and interpretation of the literature. Scientific methodology, writing, and review of research ethics. Development of a science plan.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Admission to MS program.

BIOL 510 (CBC 510) Foundations in Graduate Studies 3(3-0)

Fall.
Effective sourcing, use, and interpretation of the literature. Scientific methodology, writing, and review of research ethics. Development of a science plan.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Admission to MS program.

BIOL 512 Advanced Cellular Biology 3(3-0)

Spring.
Advanced investigations of the structural and functional organization of the cell, life cycles of cells, intracellular digestion, protein synthesis and cell death.
Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and BIOL 301L and BIOL 351.
Corequisite: BIOL 512L.
Registration Information: CHEM 302 and CHEM 302L strongly recommended as a prerequisite.

BIOL 512L Advanced Cellular Biology Lab 1(0-3)

Spring.
Advanced Cellular Biology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 512.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 513 Plant Physiology 2(2-0)

As Needed.
Thorough examination of general physiology and function of plant body systems.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend BIOL 201 and BIOL 201L and CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L as prerequisites. Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 513L.

BIOL 513L Plant Physiology Lab 2(0-4)

As Needed.
Plant Physiology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend BIOL 201 and BIOL 201L and CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L as prerequisites. Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 513L.

BIOL 514 Vertebrate Physiology 3(3-0)

Fall.
General physiology and the functions of animal and human body systems.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Strongly recommend CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L and MATH 159 as prerequisites. Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 514L.

BIOL 514L Vertebrate Physiology Lab 1(0-1)

Fall.
Vertebrate Physiology Lab.
Prerequisite: BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: CHEM 301 and CHEM 301L and MATH 156 are strongly recommended as prerequisites. Recommended co-enrollment in BIOL 514.

BIOL 515 Medical Physiology 3(3-0)

BIOL 521 Histology 2(2-0)

Spring, Odd.
A microscopic study of vertebrate tissues and organs.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 521L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 521L Histology Lab 2(0-4)

Spring, Odd.
Histology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 521.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 522 Neurobiology 3(3-0)

Spring, Even.
Fundamentals of neuroscience, cellular and molecular signaling in the nervous system, electrophysiological properties of neurons, sensory and motor systems, and cellular mechanisms of cognition.
Prerequisite: BIOL 351.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 532 Developmental Biology 2(2-0)

BIOL 532L Developmental Biology Lab 2(0-4)

As Needed.
Developmental Biology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 532.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 540 Advanced Biotechniques 2(2-0)

BIOL 540L Advanced Biotechniques Lab 2(0-2)

Fall, Odd.
Advanced laboratory-based class covering important cellular/molecular techniques and instruments. Topics include Flow cytometry, Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cloning, CRISPR, Western Blots, and Quantitative PC.
+ Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and BIOL 301L and BIOL 351.
Corequisite: BIOL 540.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 541 Freshwater Invertebrate Zoology 2(2-0)

Spring, Odd.
Classification, phylogeny, systematics, morphology, physiology, and natural history of freshwater invertebrates inclusive of insects.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 541L.
Registration Information: Recommend BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L as prerequisites.

BIOL 541L Freshwater Invertebrate Zoology Lab 2(0-4)

Spring, Odd.
Freshwater Invertebrate Zoology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 541.
Registration Information: Recommend BIOL 202 and BIOL 202L as prerequisites.

BIOL 543 Limnology 2(2-0)

Spring, Even.
Biology, chemistry, and physics of lakes and rivers.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 543L Limnology Lab 2(0-4)

Spring, Even.
Limnology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 548 Biological Statistics 3(3-0)

As Needed.
Basic statistical methods necessary to understand, evaluate, analyze and interpret scientific literature and experimental results.
Prerequisite: MATH 156.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 552 Advanced Microscopy 2(2-0)

As Needed.
Theory and application of microscopy to the biological sciences. Includes preparation of cells and tissues for examination, scope operation, and image analysis.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 552L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 552L Advanced Microscopy Lab 2(0-4)

As Needed.
Advanced Microscopy Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 552.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 553 Ecology 2(2-0)

Fall, Even.
Interrelationships among organisms and their environment, employing quantitative methods and conceptual models.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 553L.
Registration Information: Recommend BIOL 352 as prerequisite.

BIOL 553L Ecology Field Studies 2(0-4)

Fall, Even.
Ecology Field Studies.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 553.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 554 Behavioral Ecology 3(3-0)

Fall, Odd.
Evolution and adaptive significance of animal behaviors with a focus on current research.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: BIOL 202 recommended as prerequisite.

BIOL 559 Comprehensive Exam 1(1-0)

As Needed.
Preparation and administration of comprehensive exam for degree completion.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Permission of director.

BIOL 560 Survey of Genomics & Bioinformatics 3(3-0)

BIOL 561 Applied Geospatial Technology (GIS/GPS) 3(2-2)

BIOL 562 Environmental Policy & Management 3(3-0)

BIOL 565 Environmental Toxicology 3(3-0)

Fall, Even.
Basic principles of toxicology, interaction of the xenobiotics with living organisms and the environment, and the impact of pollutants on the ecosystem.
Prerequisite: BIOL 181 and BIOL 181L and BIOL 182 and BIOL 182L.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: CHEM 302 and 302L is strongly strongly recommended as prerequisite.

BIOL 568 Evolution 3(3-0)

As Needed.
Overview of the basic concepts in evolutionary biology with focus on patterns and processes through the use of molecular and organismal examples.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 577 Current Issues in Biology (1 V)

As Needed.
Discussion of presentations by student and faculty speakers, primary literature, and TED Talks related to a number of biological research areas.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (3).

BIOL 578 Practicum in Laboratory Instruction 1(0-2)

Fall, Spring.
Laboratory preparation, instruction, and methods under the guidance and supervision of a professor.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Graduate standing. Permission of program director and chair. Repeatable (4).

BIOL 579 Ichthyology 2(2-0)

BIOL 579L Ichthyology Laboratory 1(0-2)

Fall, Odd.
Ichthyology Laboratory.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 479.

BIOL 581 Entomology 2(2-0)

BIOL 581L Entomology Lab 1(0-2)

Fall, Odd.
Entomology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 581.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 582 Herpetology 2(2-0)

Fall, Even.
Diversity, anatomy, physiology, evolution, and ecology of reptiles of amphibians. Emphasis will be placed on novel evolutionary adaptations within the major taxa.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 582L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 582L Herpetology Lab 1(0-2)

Fall, Even.
Herpetology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 582.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 583 Mammalogy 2(2-0)

Spring, Even.
Evolution, classification and biology of mammals; practice in identifying and preparing specimens.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 583L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 583L Mammalogy Lab 1(0-2)

Spring, Even.
Mammalogy Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 583.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 584 Ornithology 2(2-0)

Spring, Odd.
Classification, life history, laboratory and field identification of birds.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 584L.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 584L Ornithology Lab 1(0-2)

Spring, Odd.
Ornithology Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: BIOL 584.
Registration Information: None.

BIOL 585 Plant Taxonomy 2(2-0)

As Needed.
Identification of common vascular plant families of Colorado with an emphasis on the flowering plants; study of their systematic relationships.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 585L.

BIOL 585L Plant Taxonomy Lab 2(0-4)

As Needed.
Plant Taxonomy Lab.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Recommend co-enrollment in BIOL 585.

BIOL 586 Field Botany 3(3-0)

BIOL 588 Internship Seminar 1(1-0)

As Needed.
Graduate internship presentation and examination for completion of MS degree option within the Graduate Programs in Natural Sciences.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Graduate standing.

BIOL 589 Thesis Defense 1(1-0)

As Needed.
Thesis presentation for completion of MS degree option within the Graduate Programs in Natural Sciences.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Graduate standing.

BIOL 591 Special Topics (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Special Topics.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (99).

BIOL 592 Research (1-6 V)

As Needed.
Faculty directed research project for graduate students.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Graduate standing. Approval of department chair or program director. Repeatable (99).

BIOL 593 (CBC 593, CHEM 593) Seminar 1(1-0)

As Needed.
An interdisciplinary seminar on topics appropriate to the application of natural sciences.
Prerequisite: BIOL 510 or CBC 510 or CHEM 510.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Admission to MS program.

BIOL 595 Independent Study (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Independent Study
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Graduate standing. Permission of instructor and department chair.

BIOL 598 Internship (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Volunteer or paid work experience under the combined supervision of the selected organization and a faculty member.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Graduate standing.

BIOL 599 Thesis Research (1-6 V)

As Needed.
Continued enrollment is dependent upon satisfactory progress in thesis work.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Graduate standing. Approval of department chair. Repeatable (6).

Geology (GEOL)

GEOL 101 Earth Science (GT-SC2) 3(3-0)

Fall, Spring.
Four earth spheres: the hydrosphere (oceanography, hydrologic cycle); the atmosphere (meteorology and climatology); the lithosphere (geology; internal and external processes); and space are emphasized.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Co-enrollment in GEOL 101L strongly recommended.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC2)

GEOL 101L Earth Science Lab (GT-SC1) 1(0-2)

Fall, Spring.
Lab to accompany GEOL 101 lecture.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Co-enrollment in GEOL 101 strongly recommended.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC1)

GEOL 114 Oceanography (GT-SC2) 3(3-0)

As Needed.
Study of world oceans and their role in the Earth system, including chemical, physical, geological, meteorological and biological aspects of the sea.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Co-enrollment in GEOL 114L strongly recommended.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC2)

GEOL 114L Oceanography Lab (GT-SC1) 1(0-2)

As Needed.
Lab to accompany GEOL 114 lecture.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Co-enrollment in GEOL 114 strongly recommended.
(Gen Ed: ST, GT-SC1)

Wildlife & Natural Resources (WANR)

WANR 291 Special Topics (1 V)

As Needed.
Special Topics in Wildlife.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (99).

WANR 302 Principles of Wildlife Management 3(2-2)

Spring.
Examine wildlife as a natural resource, with emphasis on principles of ecology, and management.
Prerequisite: BIOL 352.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 303 Nat Resource Policy & Administration 3(3-0)

As Needed.
Principles and concepts of public land and resources policy, administrative decision making, and contemporary issues and problems.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 304 Human Dimensions in Nat Res Mgmt 3(3-0)

Fall, Odd.
Science of incorporating human-natural resource relationships with traditional biological sciences information in decision-making processes.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 401 Fisheries Science 2(2-0)

Spring, Even.
Principles and concepts of studying structure and dynamics of fish populations. Topics include estimating abundance, mortality, sustainable harvest levels, appropriate regulations.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: WANR 401L.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 401L Fisheries Science Lab 1(0-2)

WANR 402 Management of Endangered Species 3(3-0)

As Needed.
Problems and solutions of species endangerment. Political and biological aspects to endangered species. Proactive and reactive maintenance and restoration.
Prerequisite: BIOL 352.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 410 Aquaculture 3(2-2)

Spring, Odd.
Commonly used culture systems, fundamentals of fish and shellfish husbandry, appreciation of aquaculture’s roles in natural resource management, the human food supply, and the global economy.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 421 Wildlife Conservation 3(2-2)

Spring, Odd.
Knowledge, theories, and research related to the total environment in which we practice conservation.
Prerequisite: BIOL 352.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 430 Wildlife & Fisheries Techniques 4(0-8)

As Needed.
Covers study design, radio telemetry, passive monitoring techniques, animal capture and handling, population estimation, and quantifying vegetation and habitat usage.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 475 Science Communication 3(3-0)

Fall, Even.
Overview of science communication for STEM students, and employs a variety of practice-based activities to strengthen communication skills.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 485 Wildlife Research Discussion 1(1-0)

Spring.
Discussion of a broad range of topics and current research in Wildlife Biology.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 487 R Code Introduction 1(0-2)

Fall.
Practical issues in R code statistical computing, including programming in R, reading data into R, accessing R packages, writing R functions, debugging, and organizing and commenting R code.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 491 Special Topics (1-4 V)

As Needed.
Special Topics.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: Repeatable (99).

WANR 501 Fisheries Science 2(2-0)

Spring, Even.
Introduction to the structure and functioning of freshwater and marine aquatic ecosystems, including the basic biology and field techniques required to successfully manage fish populations.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 501L Fisheries Science Lab 1(0-2)

Spring, Even.
Hands on opportunities to do fisheries work and techniques.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 502 Management of Endangered Species 3(3-0)

As Needed.
Problems and solutions of species endangerment. Political and biological aspects of endangered species. Proactive and reactive maintenance and restoration.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 510 Aquaculture 3(2-2)

WANR 521 Wildlife Conservation 3(2-2)

Spring, Odd.
Knowledge, theories, and research related to the total environment in which we practice conservation.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 530 Wildlife & Fisheries Techniques 4(0-8)

WANR 575 Science Communication 3(3-0)

WANR 585 Wildlife Research Discussion 1(1-0)

Spring.
Examination of professional wildlife research from presentations, including analysis of their theories, strengths, and weaknesses.
Prerequisite: None.
Corequisite: None.
Registration Information: None.

WANR 587 R Code Introduction 1(0-2)

2025-2026 Catalog

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